Sopa making Process for dirul, airul, vic and liyana's groups

In march our group have conducted a soap making practical as one of the assignments for the course. In this assignment, we are to use used vegetable cooking oil to make a marketable soap. After doing some research through the internet we have come up with a suitable recipe for our soap. The recipe that we used for our soap is as below:

Ingredients used

1. 500 mL of used cooking oil

2. 100 g of lye (NaOH)

3. 200 mL of water

4. 100 g of Melastoma malabathricum

5.100 g lime zest

and below is the materials used for the practical:

Materials

1. Used cooking oil

2. Safety goggles

3. Rubber gloves

4. Lye (sodium hydroxide)

5. Weighing balance

6. Wooden spoon

7. Baking paper

Before we continue with our soap making, our group have conducted an odour removal process in order to remove the bad smell of the used cooking oil and also to remove the dissolved and undissolved impurities contained in the used cooking oil.. We have cut the ginger into pieces and fried it with the used cooking oil for about 30 minutes under low heat. Then we filtered it using vacuum filtration. We have found out that the colour of the used cooking oil was much lighter than before.

After that we continued with soap making .

METHODS FOR SOAP MAKING

1) The lye was weighed to 100 g and was added into a beaker containing 200 mL water. This was carried out in the fume cupboard.

2) The mixture of lye and water was then added into the beaker of purified oil.

Lye solution was poured into the purified oil.

3) The mixture was stirred for 15 minutes with a wooden spoon until the prepared becomes consistent.

Solution was stirred consistently

4) The mixture was left to cool for a little bit. 100 g of lime zest and juices was then added into the solution and stirred.

5)Also, melastoma malabathricum extract of about 100 g was also added into the solutions .

6) The solution was stirred continuously until it was thickened

The mixture was placed into different plastic mould and they were left to dry for two days. The soap was left to curate for another two weeks.

Safety precaution

As we were using caustic materials in soap making that is lye, we used wooden spoon in stirring the mixture to prevent melting. We should also use stainless steel containers which can withstand high temperature and alkalinity.

Jewellery was not to be worn while making soap because metal can react with the alkaline. Safety goggles and gloves should be worn all time when handling lye because lye is very corrosive and it can burn your hand. In addition, the lye was to be poured into water and not the other way around.

The soap should be left undisturbed by covering it with baking paper to complete the curing process.

done by :

Dirul

airul

vic

Liyana

Foaming and Fragrance Test

Foaming test

In foaming test, the soap was cut into pieces and was weighed to about 3.35 g. These pieces of soap were put into a 250 mL beaker with 50 mL of tap water.

By using magnetic stirrer, the solution was stirred with the speed of 8 in the time range of 2 minutes. The faster the foam formed in that 2 minutes, it means that the soap has a good foaming effect.

Variable to be tested: Soap

Variables to be controlled: the size of the soap, the mass of the soap, the size of the beaker, the amount of water, the speed of the stirrer.

Apparatus: 250 mL beaker, 100 mL volumetric flask, weighing balance, magnetic stirrer, scalpel

Victoria, Liyana, Airul and Dirul’s soap

This soap was the slowest one to form foam in 2 minutes.

Roz and Yas’ soaps

First soap

Second soap

Third soap

Farhan, Diana, Linna and Ai Len’s group soaps

First soap

This was the soap that has formed foam the fastest.

Second soap

All soaps formed foam within 2 minutes, which means that all of these soaps have passed the foaming test.

Conclusion: After carrying out the foaming test, all the soaps did formed foam. The best soap that formed the most foam was from Farhan’s group which was made out of pandan leaves.

Fragrance test

For the fragrance test, a small piece was cut out from the soap. It was rinsed with tap water and the small piece of soap was then rubbed with both hands under running water. After foam was formed, it was then smelled to test if the soap had a good fragrance.

Variable to be tested: Soap

Variables to be controlled: the size of the soap

Victoria, Liyana, Airul and Dirul’s soap

Result: After testing the fragrance of the soap, it was concluded that the soap gave off a bad odour. Therefore, the soap failed the fragrance test.

Roz and Yas’s group

Result: All three soap had passed the fragrance test as their soaps gave off a good fragrance. Therefore, the soaps passed the fragrance test.

Farhan, Diana, Linna and Ai Len’s group soap

Result: Both soap especially the first soap had good fragrance after carrying out the fragrance test. Therefore, their soaps passed the fragrance test.

Conclusion: After testing the fragrance of the soap, we found out that Farhan group and Roz group's soaps both had good fragrance. Unfortunately Dirul group's soap did not attain a good fragrance. This might be due to the removal of cooking oil's odour not properly removed. Hence, the soap still retained the smell of the waste cooking oil.